倒装与强调
倒装和强调是英语中增强语气、突出信息的两种重要语法手段。本讲将系统讲解部分倒装、完全倒装的规则及强调句型的结构，通过典型例题和图形化梳理，帮助高二学生掌握这一难点，避免常见错误。
一、概念导入：从生活场景理解“倒装”与“强调”
在日常对话中，我们有时会刻意调整语序或通过特定结构来突出某个信息。比如：
- “Never have I seen such a beautiful view!”（我从未见过如此美丽的景色！）—— 把否定词 Never 提前，谓语部分倒装，语气比 “I have never seen...” 更强烈。
- “It was you who helped me.”（是你帮助了我。）—— 用 It is…that/who 结构突出“你”，而不是别人。
这两种现象分别称为倒装和强调。它们就像语法中的“聚光灯”，帮助我们精确地传递语气和重点。高二阶段，我们需要系统掌握其规则，才能在写作和阅读中灵活运用。
二、核心讲解：倒装的类型与规则
2.1 部分倒装（Partial Inversion）
将谓语的一部分（助动词、情态动词、be动词）提到主语前，通常用于以下情况：
- 否定含义的副词或短语置于句首：
never, seldom, rarely, hardly, little, nowhere, in no way, not until, by no means等。
例句：Hardly had she arrived when it began to rain.（她刚到就开始下雨。） - Only + 状语（副词、介词短语、从句）置于句首：Only in this way can we solve the problem.（只有这样我们才能解决问题。）
- So/Such… that… 结构中 so/such 置于句首：So fast did he run that we couldn't catch up.（他跑得如此之快，以至于我们追不上。）
- 虚拟条件句省略 if 时：Had I known the truth, I would have told you.（如果我当时知道真相，就会告诉你。）
- as/though 引导的让步状语从句：Try as he might, he couldn't open the door.（尽管他尝试了，还是打不开门。）
2.2 完全倒装（Full Inversion）
谓语动词整个移到主语前，常见于：
- 地点副词（here, there, in, out, up, down, away 等）置于句首，且主语是名词：Here comes the bus.（公交车来了。）注意：主语是代词时不倒装：Here it comes.
- 方位介词短语置于句首：On the table lay a book.（桌子上放着一本书。）
- 表语置于句首（为了平衡或强调）：Gone are the days when we had to work by hand.（我们不得不手工劳作的日子一去不复返了。）
三、核心讲解：强调句（Cleft Sentence）
强调句的基本结构：It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子其余部分。可以强调主语、宾语、状语等（不能强调谓语）。
- 原句：I met Mary in the park yesterday.
- 强调时间：It was yesterday that I met Mary in the park.
- 强调地点：It was in the park that I met Mary yesterday.
- 强调宾语：It was Mary that/who I met in the park yesterday.
- 强调主语：It was I that/who met Mary in the park yesterday.（注意改为I）
✔ 强调句去掉“It is/was…that/who…”后，剩下的部分应该是一个完整的句子（可重新排序）。
✔ 主语从句中，that从句做主语，不可去掉。
例：It is obvious that he is lying.（主语从句，去掉后“Obvious he is lying”不完整。）
四、典型例题
例题 1 (易)：Only when he came back ______ what happened.
A. did he know B. he knew C. he did know D. had he known
解答：选 A。Only + 从句置于句首，主句需要部分倒装。从句“when he came back”本身不倒装。主句时态一般过去时，借助助动词 did 倒装，恢复成“he knew what happened”。注意倒装后助动词放在主语前，故 A 正确。易错点：注意 Only 后接的是状语从句，主句倒装，从句不倒装；若 Only + 主语倒装则无需倒装（Only he knew... 是正常语序）。
例题 2 (中)：It was the training ______ he had as a young man ______ made him such a good speaker.
A. which; that B. that; that C. what; that D. that; which
解答：选 B。本题考查强调句与定语从句的结合。第一个空是定语从句，修饰 training，关系代词在从句中作 had 的宾语，可用 that 或 which；第二个空是强调句中的 that。所以“the training that he had as a young man”整体是被强调的部分。因此选 B。易错点：不能只看到一个 that 就以为是强调句；要分析句子结构。
例题 3 (难)：So rapidly ______ that we could hardly keep up with him.
A. did he run B. he ran C. ran he D. he did run
解答：选 A。So + 形容词/副词置于句首，主句要部分倒装。原句为“He ran so rapidly that...”，将 so rapidly 提前后，主句变成“did he run”。注意这个倒装是部分倒装，把助动词 did 提前，而不是完全倒装（ran he 是错误的）。易错点：有人会误用完全倒装，但此处谓语 run 是不及物动词，没有宾语，且主语是代词 he，完全倒装不适用。
五、常见误区
- 误区1：否定词前置倒装时，忘记主语与谓语的位置互换，例如误写“Never I have seen...”。正确应为“Never have I seen...”。
- 误区2：Only + 状语从句中，把从句也倒装。记住：从句不倒装，主句倒装。
- 误区3：强调句中误用 which 代替 that/who。强调句只能用 that (指物或指人) 或 who (指人)，但不能用 which。
- 误区4：混淆强调句与主语从句。强调句的“It is...that”可去掉，主语从句不可去掉。
- 误区5：完全倒装中主语是代词时仍倒装，例如“Here comes he.” 错误，应为“Here he comes.”。
六、学习建议
- 归纳对比：将部分倒装和完全倒装的条件分别列表，并各写 3-5 个例句，反复朗读形成语感。
- 改写练习：找几个普通句子，自己尝试改写成强调句或倒装句，并检查是否完整。
- 阅读积累：在英语阅读中遇到倒装和强调句，可以划出来分析结构，加深理解。
- 错题本：记录自己常犯的倒装句错误类型（如忘记加助动词、混淆部分完全倒装），定期复习。
七、知识链接
- 本知识点与定语从句（强调句中可能嵌套定语从句，如例题2）关系密切。
- 虚拟语气中“if 省略”的倒装，将 had/should/were 提前。
- 主谓一致：倒装句中谓语动词的数仍与主语保持一致，例如“Here comes the bus.”中 bus 是单数；而“Here come the buses.”用复数。
- 特殊句式：倒装与强调都是特殊句式中的重点，也是高考高频考点。
八、习题自测
- Not until he failed the exam ______ how important study was.
A. he realized B. did he realize C. he did realize D. realized he - It was in 2008 ______ the Beijing Olympic Games were held.
A. which B. when C. that D. where - ______, we would have been able to solve the problem.
A. If we had more time B. Had we had more time C. Have we more time D. We had more time
参考答案
1. B (Not until 置于句首，主句倒装，一般过去时用 did he realize)
2. C (强调时间状语，只能填 that)
3. B (虚拟条件句省略 if，had 提前，主句 would have done)